Multi factor authentication

ABSTRACT

In one embodiment, a network element comprises one or more processors, and a memory module communicatively coupled to the processor. The memory module comprises logic instructions which, when executed by the processor, configure the processor to receive, via a first communication channel, a primary authentication request transmitted from a user from a first device, process the primary authentication request to determine whether the user is authorized to access one or more resources, in response to a determination that the user is authorized to access one or more resources, initiate, a secondary authentication request, and transmit the secondary authentication request from the network element to the user via a second communication channel, different from the first communication channel.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.60/866,068, filed Nov. 16, 2006, and U.S. Provisional Application No.60/939,091, filed May 21, 2007.

BACKGROUND

Internet access has become ubiquitous. In addition to traditionaldial-up and Local Area Network-based network access, wireless accesstechnologies including IEEE 802.11b and 802.11g (WiFi), WiMax,Bluetooth™, and others are being widely deployed. Many public locations,such as airports, bookstores, coffee shops, hotels, and restaurants havefree or fee-based access to wireless Internet service. Some locations,such as hotel rooms, also offer internet access via Ethernet ports. Inaddition, businesses offer visiting professionals access to Internetservice while they are on the premises.

Such Internet access services typically are not secured at the datalinklayer. It is often possible for network administrators, other users, oreven criminals to capture and view network transmissions made on thesenetworks. The “last mile”, or the few hops on the network that areclosest to the end user, are often only lightly secured, if at all, andare particularly vulnerable to traffic snooping. Enhanced communicationsecurity would find utility.

In addition, authentication remains a persistent technical problem inthe information technology industry. With the proliferation of untrustedapplications and untrusted networks, and the increasing use of theInternet for business functions, the authentication issues have becomeprominent. Authentication refers to a process by which a user makes hisor her identity known to a system or application which the user isattempting to access, and occasionally, also the process by which theuser verifies the identity of the system being accessed. A commonauthentication technique involves the use of a shared username andpassword combination. This style of authentication is vulnerable to anumber of weaknesses. For example, passwords must be made long enough tobe secure while being short enough to be memorable. Additionally, theloss of the password is sufficient to allow an attacker to gain accessto the system by impersonating the user. Therefore, additionalauthentication techniques would find utility.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The detailed description is provided with reference to the accompanyingfigures. In the figures, the left-most digit(s) of a reference numberidentifies the figure in which the reference number first appears. Theuse of the same reference numbers in different figures indicates similaror identical items.

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a networked computing environmentin accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a server in accordance with anembodiment.

FIGS. 3-8 are flow diagrams of embodiments of methods for secure networkcomputing.

FIG. 9 is a schematic illustration of a networked computing environmentin accordance with an embodiment

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram of embodiments of a method for multifactorauthentication.

FIG. 11 is a schematic illustration of and embodiment of a data filewhich may be used in a multifactor authentication.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Described herein are exemplary systems and methods for secure networkcomputing and multifactor authentication. The methods described hereinmay be embodied as logic instructions on a computer-readable medium.When executed on a processor, the logic instructions cause a generalpurpose computing device to be programmed as a special-purpose machinethat implements the described methods. The processor, when configured bythe logic instructions to execute the methods recited herein,constitutes structure for performing the described methods.

In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth inorder to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments.However, various embodiments of the invention may be practiced withoutthe specific details. In other instances, well-known methods,procedures, components, and circuits have not been described in detailso as not to obscure the particular embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a networked computing environmentin accordance with an embodiment. In the exemplary architecture depictedin FIG. 1, one or more client computing devices 110 a, 110 b, 110 cestablish a communication connection with a point of presence (POP)server 130, which in turn communicates with one or more target servers140, 142, 144 via a network 120. Target servers 140, 142, 144, in turn,provide access to one or more computing resources such, as, e.g.,internet services, electronic mail services, data transfer services, andthe like.

Client computing devices 110 a, 110 b, 110 c may be any computer-basedcommunication device, including a personal computer 110 a, a personaldigital assistant (PDA) 110 b, or a terminal device 110 c. Clientcomputing devices 110 a, 110 b, 110 c establish a communication with POPserver 130 via a communication network, which may be the same network120 or a separate communication network. The particular form ofcommunication network is not important. Communication network maycomprise one or more direct communication links (e.g., a dial-upconnection) between respective remote access devices 110 a, 110 b, 110c. Alternatively, the communication network may comprise a private datanetwork such as, e.g., an X.25 network, a local area network (LAN), awide area network (WAN), or a public network such as, e.g., theInternet.

In one embodiment, POP server 130 may be implemented by a generalpurpose computing device such as, e.g., a server, that executes logicinstructions which cause the processor to execute various methods forperforming secure network computing. FIG. 2 is a schematic illustrationof an exemplary computer system 200 adapted to perform secure networkcomputing. The computer system 200 includes a computer 208 and one ormore accompanying input/output devices 206 including a display 202having a screen 204, a keyboard 210, other I/O device(s) 212, and amouse 214. The other device(s) 212 can include a touch screen, avoice-activated input device, a track ball, and any other device thatallows the system 200 to receive input from a developer and/or a user.The computer 208 includes system hardware 220 and random access memoryand/or read-only memory 230. A file store 280 is communicativelyconnected to computer 208. System hardware 220 includes a processor 222and one or more input/output (I/O) ports 224. File store 280 may beinternal such as, e.g., one or more hard drives, or external such as,e.g., one or more external hard drives, network attached storage, or aseparate storage network.

Memory 230 includes an operating system 240 for managing operations ofcomputer 208. In one embodiment, operating system 240 includes ahardware interface module 254 that provides an interface to systemhardware 220. In addition, operating system 240 includes one or morefile systems 250 that managed files used in the operation of computer208 and a process control subsystem 252 that manages processes executingon computer 208. Operating system 240 further includes a system callinterface module 242 that provides an interface between the operatingsystem 240 and one or more application modules 262 and/or libraries 264.

In operation, one or more application modules 260 executing on computer208 make calls to the system call interface module 242 to execute one ormore commands on the computer's processor. The system call interfacemodule 242 invokes the services of the file systems 250 to manage thefiles required by the command(s) and the process control subsystem 252to manage the process required by the command(s). The file system 250and the process control subsystem 252, in turn, invoke the services ofthe hardware interface module 254 to interface with the system hardware220.

The particular embodiment of operating system 240 is not critical to thesubject matter described herein. Operating system 240 may be embodied asa UNIX operating system or any derivative thereof (e.g., Linux, Solaris,etc.) or as a Windows® brand operating system.

In one embodiment, memory 230 includes one or more network interfacemodules 262, 268, one or more secure tunnel modules 264, and one or morecommunication management modules 266. Network interface modules may beimplemented as web browsers such as, e.g., Internet Explorer, Netscape,Mozilla, or the like. Secure tunnel module 264 comprises logicinstructions which, when executed by a processor, configure theprocessor to generate a secure communication tunnel between the POPserver 130 and a client computing device such as, e.g., one or more ofclient computing devices 110 a, 110 b, 110 c. Communication managementmodule 266 comprises logic instructions which, when executed by aprocess, configure the processor to manage communications between thePOP server 130 and one or more client computing devices 110 a, 110 b,110 c and between the POP server 130 and the one or more servers 140,142, 144.

In embodiments, POP server 130 receives a service request from a clientcomputing device such as, e.g., one or more of client computing devices110 a, 110 b, 110 c, identifying one or more resources available on aserver such as 140, 142, 144. For example, the service request may beembodied as a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) transmitted to POP server130 from a browser executing on a client computing device. In responseto the service request, POP server 130 establishes a first communicationlink between the POP server 130 and the one or more resources availablevia a computing network identified in the service request. In oneembodiment, POP server 130 may launch an independent request for theresource request for the resource identified in the service request fromthe client computing device. POP server 130 may further establish afirst, secure communication link between the POP server 130 and theclient computing device 110 a, 110 b, 110 c, and connect a networkinterface module on the client computing device to the securecommunication link.

POP server 130 may further manage communication activity between theclient computing device and the one or more resources available via acomputing network at the POP server. In one embodiment, managingcommunication activity may include passing information received from aserver 140, 142, 144 in response to a resource request from the POPserver 130 to a client computing device 110 a, 110 b, 110 c via a securecommunication link.

Operations implemented by the various modules 262, 264, 266, 268 and byclient computing devices 110 a, 110 b, 110 c are explained withreference to FIGS. 3-8. FIGS. 3-8 are flow diagrams of embodiments ofmethods for secure network computing. FIG. 3 is a flow diagramillustrating high-level operations executed by a computing device suchas one of client computing devices 110 a, 110 b, 110 c in a method forsecure network computing. In one embodiment, at operation 310 a securecommunication link is initialized between POP server 130 and the clientcomputing device 110 a, 110 b, 110 c. At operation 315 the clientcomputing device sends outbound data via the secure communication linkand at operation 320 the client computing device receives inbound datavia the secure communication link. If, at operation 325 there are moreoutbound data requests, then control passes back to operation 315.Similarly, if at operation 330 there is more inbound data control passesback to operation 320 and the inbound data is received. If there are nofurther data requests or inbound data remaining, then control passes tooperation 335 and the secure communication link may be terminated.Operations illustrated in FIG. 3 are explained in greater detail inFIGS. 4-8.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating operations in a method forinitializing a secure communication link between POP server 130 and aclient computing device 110 a, 110 b, 110 c. In one embodiment, POPserver 130 implements an application tunneling technology, referred toherein as an AppTunnel, to construct a secure communication tunnelbetween POP server 130 and a client computing device 110 a, 110 b, 110c.

Referring to FIG. 4, at operation 410 POP server 130 receives an addressof one or more resources such as, e.g., a website or other resourceavailable on network 120. In one embodiment, the address received mayrepresent a URL received in a service request from a web browserexecuting on client computing device 110 a, 110 b, 110 c. In oneembodiment, POP server 130 transmits an ActiveX control comprisinglaunch data to client computing device 110 a, 110 b, 110 c. In alternateembodiments, the ActiveX control client may be replaced with a plug-inmodule compatible with other protocols such as, for example, the JAVAarchitecture or a CORBA architecture.

At operation 420 the client computing device 110 a, 110 b, 110 creceives the ActiveX launch data from server 130. If, at operation 425the client computing device is not compatible with ActiveX technology,then control passes to operation 465 and a rewriter host module may beactivated. This procedure is explained in greater detail below. Bycontrast, if the client computing device 110 a, 110 b, 110 c is capableof implementing an ActiveX control, then control passes to operation 430and the client computing device 110 a, 110 b, 110 c, activates anActiveX control host page. The Active X control host page instructs thebrowser how to load the ActiveX control, where to retrieve it from (ifit is not already locally cached), and with what parameters the controlshould be started. A similar host page may be used to embedding plug-insinto other browsers such as Mozilla, Netscape, etc. This information maybe contained in an HTML <OBJECT> tag.

At operation 435 the client computing device 110 a, 110 b, 110 cinitiates the ActiveX control received from the server 130. The ActiveXcontrol causes the client computing device 110 a, 110 b, 110 c to launcha new incidence of a browser or other network interface software(operation 440). If additional ActiveX controls are necessary to enablethe client computing device 110 a, 110 b, 110 c, then one or moreadditional ActiveX controls maybe transmitted between the server 130 andthe client computing device 110 a, 110 b, 110 c.

At operation 450 the client attaches a secure channel module to thebrowser. In one embodiment, the secure channel module may be embodied asan AppTunnel client module. The AppTunnel secure channel module isdescribed in detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/737,200,incorporated by reference here above. Portions of that description areexcerpted in the following paragraphs.

Application tunneling is a method for transporting data from a user'scomputer to a third party computer (a “proxy”). In one implementation,Application data may be intercepted as soon as it is sent (i.e., abovelayer 4 of the OSI model), before it is encapsulated by Internetprotocols such as TCP, UDP, or IP. Data may then be transported acrossthe network to the proxy. In other implementations, thisapplication-level data is acquired differently (perhaps, for example,through the use of a virtual adapter). In all cases, it isapplication-level data (OSI layers 5-7, depending on the application andthe protocol) that is tunneled via AppTunnels.

AppTunnels is application tunneling technology that tunnels data from anapplication on a first computer to a second computer, perhaps over asecure tunnel, for further processing and proxying at that othercomputer. AppTunnels technology may be implemented in a Static form orin a Dynamic form. Static AppTunnels technology requires manual (orpre-configured) establishment of the application tunnels and listeners.By contrast, dynamic AppTunnels implements on-the-fly tunnel creationusing hook mechanisms.

Encryption and/or other security technologies may be applied to thetunnel to add security to the data being transported, although this isnot strictly necessary.

AppTunnels differs from existing tunneling technologies such as GenericRouting Encapsulation (GRE) in that it is designed to operate at the enduser's computer, in such a way that the end user's applications do nothave to be informed about the existence of the tunneling technology. Bycontrast, tunneling technologies such as GRE, on the other hand, aredesigned to be implemented in network elements such as routers.

AppTunnels differs from host-based encryption technologies such as SSLin several ways. First, SSL technology must be directly supported by theapplication in order to be applied. AppTunnels, however, does notrequire application awareness in order to be applied. Furthermore, SSLis closely tied to a particular security and encryption architecture.AppTunnels may be used with or without security technologies, andimposes no requirements on the underlying security technologies.AppTunnels has been used in conjunction with the WTP security protocoland with SSL.

To intercept the network traffic of an application a local listener iscreated and a tunnel is established between the first computer and thesecond computer. In one embodiment, a local listener may be implementedas listening TCP, UDP, or other socket(s) bound to a local host address(e.g., 127.0.0.1) on a computer. The port number, where applicable, maybe determined by the tunneled application, and may be arbitrary in someprotocols. Local listeners may be created either in response toinstructions from dynamic AppTunnels hooks or by static configurationreceived in advance. It is also possible for a user to manually initiatethe creation of a listener (and its associated tunnel). A data tunnelmay be created between the AppTunnels client software and a compatibletunnel module on a server. In one embodiment, the tunnel may beimplemented in accord with the WTP protocol described in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 10/737,200.

Once an AppTunnel has been initialized, the end user application can bedirected to connect to the AppTunnel. The process for this varies perapplication. In the case of Dynamic AppTunnels, no other action isnecessary; data simply starts flowing from the application to theAppTunnels software, which in turn tunnels the data across theconnection to the WTP concentrator.

In the case of Static AppTunnels, one additional step is required. Theapplication is tricked into connecting to the local listener instead ofto the target server, as would otherwise naturally be the case. To trickthe client, the DNS system is configured to return the localhost address(127.0.0.1, usually) to requests for the destination server's IPaddress. This is usually done by changing the locally-present “hosts”file that the computer's DNS system consults before returning an IPaddress. This hosts file is modified, with an entry being inserted forthe name of the target server with the IP address of localhost. In oneembodiment, the AppTunnels client may be implemented as an executablecomponent that is incorporated into and run by the user's web browsersuch as, e.g., an ActiveX control. For other browsers or otherplatforms, a Netscape Plugin may be used.

In one embodiment, AppTunnels implements a method of interceptingtraffic in order to tunnel it is as follows: First, the computer's DNSresolution system is modified to re-route traffic for target networkservers to the local computer. Next, the AppTunnels Client establishesitself as a server on the port that the application would expect toconnect to. Once established, applications transparently connect to theClient on the local computer rather than to their natural target-networkservers. No configuration or modification of the tunneled application isnecessary.

The AppTunnels method can be used to tunnel any user-mode data over atunnel to the server 130. This includes TCP and UDP on all platforms.Other protocols may be available for tunneling, depending on theplatform. The AppTunnels architecture supports complex network protocolssuch as FTP, RPC, H.323, and other proprietary multi-connectionprotocols. It provides this support by inspection of protocol data atthe server. A protocol may be termed ‘complex’ if it requires more thana simple client-to-server TCP connection.

In AppTunnels mode, the client computing device 110 a, 110 b, 110 creceives a module called the AppTunnels Client, which attaches to theweb browser. The AppTunnels client enables the web browser to accesstarget network web pages by proxying requests through the AppTunnelsclient. The AppTunnels client forwards the requests to the server 130,which retrieves the requested document and returns it to the AppTunnelsclient, which in turn returns it to the web browser.

In brief, the client computing device 110 a, 110 b, 110 c first readsthe proxy settings configuration from the user's web browser. The clientcomputing device 110 a, 110 b, 110 c stores the proxy settings andconfigures the browser to use a proxy auto-configuration file. This fileinstructs the browser to request its new proxy settings from theAppTunnels client. The request is made and replied to, and the newsettings cause all further requests for documents to be proxied throughthe AppTunnels client.

The AppTunnels client then establishes a connection to server 130 andauthenticates itself. After authentication, the AppTunnels clientestablishes itself as a server application and listens for incomingrequests from the browser. As requests are received, they are forwardedto server 130. Responses are read in from the server and are sent backto the waiting browser.

The browser is monitored by Dynamic AppTunnels for any networkcommunication attempts. In one embodiment, these attempts may bemonitored using function call hooks of the Microsoft Winsock library,but other hooks are possible, as are other monitoring architectures(such as, for example, Winsock Layered Service Providers). When newnetwork traffic is detected, it is intercepted by the Dynamic AppTunnelscode for further processing.

In one embodiment, child processes created by the browser may beinjected with the Dynamic AppTunnels monitoring code. Thus, networktraffic generated by child processes send will be encapsulated in theAppTunnel. Child process monitoring may be implemented using an API hookfor all of the CreateProcess( ) family of functions. When a call toCreateProcess( ) is made, the Dynamic AppTunnels code receives it first,and ensures that the monitoring code is injected in the resulting newprocess.

In one embodiment, dynamic AppTunnels technology is implemented usingAPI hooks. When dynamic AppTunnels receives a request to start atunneled process, it creates a new process using the CreateProcess( )API call. A new process may be created as suspended, so that the processdoes not run after it is initially created. At this point, one or moreimported functions are substituted, or hooked, such that they point towrapper functions that are part of the Dynamic AppTunnels software. Thehooked functions are of two classes: network functions and processmanagement functions.

In particular, the CreateProcess( ) function (and its relatives) may behooked so that any child processes that are created can have the DynamicAppTunnels monitoring code injected as well. This code is responsiblefor signaling the browser plugin that it should inject the rest of thehooks into the newly created process. Any child processes of that childare treated in the same way.

The networking functions that are hooked are related to connectionrequests and to name resolution requests. In general, all functions thatare called during initial connection setup are intercepted. Once hooked,these functions receive any connection requests, and use thisinformation for two purposes. The first is to coordinate with thetunneling protocol on the AppTunnel server to create an additionalAppTunnel between the client and the AppTunnel server, and to create alocal listener that is attached to that tunnel. The second is tore-direct the requesting application to the local listening socket, sothat connections are made it instead of to the original target server.This process allows network traffic generated by the client to becaptured by the browser plug-in and tunneled.

Alternatively, the plug-in may choose to examine the connection requestinformation and make a decision at runtime as to whether the trafficshould be tunneled or allowed to go straight out to the network as itotherwise would have. These decisions can be based on names (such as DNSor WINS names), network addresses, port numbers, or other identifyinginformation. While this description has largely been written in thecontext of TCP sockets, it should be pointed out that other kinds ofnetwork traffic may be supported, including UDP and raw IP packets.

Referring back to FIG. 4, at operation 455 the browser instantiated atthe client computing device 110 a, 110 b, 110 c loads the requestedresource, which may be displayed on a suitable user interface such as,e.g., a computer screen or the like. At operation 460, subsequent datatransfer operations between the client computing device 110 a, 110 b,110 c and the server 130 are conveyed through the secure tunnel. Whenthe user of the client computing device is finished with the browsingsession, the browser may be closed. Closing the browser also closes anydynamic AppTunnels constructed between the client computing device 110a, 110 b, 110 c and the server 130.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating operations in a method forimplementing an AppTunnel on a client computing device 110 a, 110 b, 110c. In one embodiment, the ActiveX control transmitted from the server130 to the client computing device operations of FIG. 5 may cause theclient computing device to perform the operations illustrated in FIG. 5.

Referring to FIG. 5, at operation 510 one or more static listeners andAppTunnels are initialized on the client computing device. At operation515 the AppTunnels plugin (i.e., the ActiveX control) receives a requestto start an application. For example, the plugin may receive a requestto start an instance of a browser.

At operation 520 it is determined whether the device supports dynamicAppTunnels. As described above, AppTunnels can operate in either astatic mode or in a dynamic mode. The difference is in the way the datais acquired for tunneling. Static AppTunnels uses a static locallistening TCP/IP socket for each pre-configured service. If a user wantsto use a web browser over a static AppTunnel, for example, there must bea configured application tunnel listening on TCP port 80 on the localhost. Furthermore, the destination address for the AppTunnel must bespecified. To cause the user's application to connect to the AppTunnelssocket instead of trying to use Internet routes in the usual way, theDNS system of the client computing device is configured (usually usingthe computer's hosts file) to change the IP address of the server inquestion to point to the local host (usually 127.0.0.1), thereby foolingthe application into making a local connection to the listening socket.

Thus, referring to FIG. 5, if at operation 520 dynamic AppTunnels is notenabled, then control passes to operation 525 and the DNS system isconfigured, and at operation 530 a local listening socket is created. Atoperation 535 a new process is created.

By contrast, if at operation 520 the device accommodates dynamicAppTunnels, then control passes to operation 540 and a new process iscreated on the client computing device. In one embodiment creating a newprocess may involve a user clicking an HTML link on the web page in abrowser executing on the client computing device. The ActiveX controlthen launches the new process and injects the Dynamic AppTunnelsapplication monitoring code into the newly started process (operation545). At operation 550 a new AppTunnel is created between the clientcomputing device and the server 130.

Following either operation 535 or 550, control passes to operation 560and the application receives data in the listening socket generated bythe AppTunnel. At operation 565 the data received in the AppTunnel isremoved and passed to the process (i.e., the web browser) for furtherprocessing and presentation to a user via a suitable interface such as,e.g., a display. Operations 560-565 may be repeated until, at operation570, there is no more data to tunnel, whereupon operations terminate.

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating operations in a method forprocessing outbound traffic from a network interface module such as, forexample, a web browser executing on a client computing device 110 a, 110b, 110 c. The operations of FIG. 6 depict traffic processing for abrowser that has an AppTunnel module attached to the browser. Referringto FIG. 6, at operation 610 the web browser receives an address of aresource available on network 120. In one embodiment, the address mayrepresent a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) of a resource available onnetwork 120. At operation 615 the browser initiates a service requestfor the resource. At operation 620 the service request is intercepted bythe AppTunnel module. At operation 625 the AppTunnel client secures therequest data and at operation 630 the AppTunnel client forwards therequest to the POP server 130. At operation 640 the secured request isreceived at the POP server 130. At operation 645 the secure tunnelmodule 264 (i.e., the AppTunnel server) extracts the request data fromthe secure tunnel.

At operation 650 the POP server forwards the service request to theaddress identified in the service request. In one embodiment, theservice request is received in a first network interface module 262instantiated on POP server 130, and POP server 130 instantiates a secondnetwork interface module 268 and launches a service request from thesecond network interface module.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating operations in a method forprocessing inbound traffic such as, for example, one or more resourcesreturned from a service request. Referring briefly to FIG. 7, atoperation 710 the data returned by the resource request is received atthe POP server 130. In one embodiment, the data is received in thesecond network interface module 268 instantiated on the POP server 130.At operation 715 the response data is secured. In one embodiment,response data is operated on by the secure tunnel module 264. Atoperation 720 the response data is placed in the secure tunnel to theclient computing device 110 a, 110 b, 110 c via the first networkinterface module 262.

At operation 725 the client receives the response data transmitted tothe client by the server. At operation 730 the data is removed from thesecure tunnel established by AppTunnels. In one embodiment, theAppTunnels client attached to the browser in the client computing device110 a, 110 b, 110 c removes the received data from the tunnel and, atoperation 735, forwards the data to the web browser. The web browser maypresent the data on a user interface such as, e.g., a display, forviewing by the user.

Referring back to FIG. 4, if at operation 425 the client computingdevice is not capable of executing a plugin such as, e.g., an ActiveXcontrol, then control passes to operation 465 and a URL rewritertechnique is activated. URL rewriting is a method of providing a reverseproxy server for use in secure remote access systems and otherapplications without the need for any locally installed code. Most webbrowsers can exchange traffic with web servers using a protocol known assecure HTTP, or HTTPS. However, most websites do not support HTTPS. Toadd security to every website the user requests, special HTTPS requestsare made to a URL rewriter server instead of the target web server,using HTTPS to the rewriter. The rewriter then forwards the request tothe target web server by proxy, using the expected destination protocolof the web server (typically HTTP). On return, the web data is returnedover HTTPS to the client's browser. It should be noted that any otherform of browser-based security, or no security whatsoever, could be usedin the communications link to the rewriter.

It should be noted that references to other web data will now cause theuser's browser to make direct requests to the target server, rather thanask the rewriter server. Thus, references to other web content(hyperlinks, images, java applets, and so on) may be rewritten in thewebpage so that they refer to the rewriter instead of to the targetserver to ensure that all web traffic is routed through the rewriter,and not via direct connections. Accordingly, any web references in thereturned document are rewritten with references to the URL rewriterserver.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram illustrating operations in a method forprocessing inbound traffic such as, for example, one or more resourcesreturned from a service request. Referring briefly to FIG. 8 atoperation 810 a rewriter host page on the client computing device 110 a,110 b, 110 c launches a second web browser using instructions embeddedin the HTML and JavaScript code that is a part of the page. At operation815 the rewritten URL is written into the second browser. At operation820 the second browser requests the specified resource using therewritten URLs.

At operation 825 the server 130 receives the service request from theclient computing device 110 a, 110 b, 110 c. At operation 830 the server130 un-rewrites the URL, and at operation 835 the server retrieves therequested resource from the server 140, 142, 144 hosting the resource onthe network 120. At operation 840 the server rewrites the embedded URLsin the retrieved resource, and at operation 845 the server returns therewritten resource to the client.

At operation 850 the client computing device 110 a, 110 b, 110 creceives and processes the requested resource. In one embodiment,processing the requested resource may include presenting the resource ona suitable display. If at operation 855 there are more requests to beprocessed, then control passes back to operation 820, and the browserrequests the specified resource(s). By contrast, if at operation 855there are no further resource requests, then the process terminates.

Thus, the operations described in FIGS. 3-8 enable a client device suchas one or more of client computing devices 110 a, 110 b, 110 c toestablish a secure “last mile” communication link, thereby enablingsecure communication with resources hosted by one or more servers 140,142, 144 in a network 120. The systems and methods described herein areagnostic regarding the type of encryption applied (if any) tocommunication links between POP server 130 and servers 140, 142, 144.

The systems described above are browser-based systems. In alternateembodiments, a client computing device 110 a, 110 b, 110 c may downloadand install a permanent piece of client encryption module onto the enduser's computer. The permanent client provides encryption servicesbetween the client computing device 110 a, 110 b, 110 c and the servers140, 142, 144. With a permanent client encryption module, the end userdoes not have to navigate to the service provider's website in order toturn on secure surfing. Further, a client-based approach can support allInternet-based applications.

In another embodiment, an ActiveX control installs and initializes avirtual VPN Miniport, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/737,200. The ActiveX control captures and processes any relevanttraffic on the computer. In this way, end user traffic is directed intothe secured tunnel described above.

A virtual VPN Miniport can support non-TCP protocols, while maintainingthe convenience of a web-based environment. It can also secureapplications that have already been started. For example, if the enduser were running an instant messaging client, that client'scommunications would be secured from the time of connection forward,without a need to re-launch the client. Installation of a VPN driver canbe silent and automatic, and only needs to occur one time. From thatpoint on, the ActiveX control activates the VPN driver and managesnetwork routes to cause traffic to be directed into the VPN driver forencryption.

Access to the POP server 130 may be provided by a number ofmethodologies. In one embodiment access to POP server 130 may beprovided on a pay-for-service business model. In this embodiment, POPserver 130 may include a transaction processing module to processpayment transactions, e.g., by a credit card or other payment mechanism.Charges may be levied on the basis of bandwidth consumed, or by a timeparameter (i.e., minutes, hours, days, years, etc.).

In alternate embodiments access to server 130 may be implemented on thebasis of advertising revenue. For example, pay-per-click advertising canbe implemented, using randomly-selected advertisements, pay-per-clickadvertising can be implemented, using information gained by inspectingthe user's traffic during secure surfing to select targetedadvertisements, or traditional Internet banner advertisements can beinserted, either randomly or based on inspection of the secured data.Advertisements can be inserted in the initial service provider web page,in the refreshed web page that hosts the ActiveX control, or even inlinewith the displayed web pages.

Multiple levels of service may be defined. For example, low-qualityservice might be provided free of charge, while high-quality servicemight be provided for a fee. Service levels may be differentiated by oneor more facts such as, for example throughput (i.e., a performanceaspect might be controlled), bandwidth (i.e., the total number of bytestransferred might be capped), data transfer (i.e., a transfer cap mightbe imposed per day, per month, or per year), or some combinationthereof. Other options include allowing only a limited amount of time touse the system or bandwidth in a tier or a certain amount of throughputfor a certain amount of time, with decreased throughput after the elapseof that time, or restricting access to certain resources based on theservice level.

Last-mile encryption service may be provided to a user with nopre-existing account. The web-based interface can be used simply byentering the address of a website that is to be securely accessed. Inthe installed client case, the user logs in anonymously using thesupplied anonymous login method. Anonymous users may be granted adifferent tier of service, as described above.

In an anonymous user case, cookie-based, form-based, or IP address-basedinformation may be used to correlate the anonymous user's browsingactivities, for purposes including providing advanced service features(such as browsing history, enhanced status reporting, etc), selectingrelevant advertising, or for other purposes.

Users that desire temporary top-tier service may be given the option ofpaying electronically for a one-time use of the service without creatingan account.

Users that wish to use the service repeatedly may wish to create a useraccount. The user account could then be used to track browsing history,make more intelligent decisions about advertising content to bepresented, or offer other value-added services. Users of the servicewould then be prompted to log in to the website (or to the downloadedclient software) using the established authentication credentials.Optionally, a cookie-based login persistence mechanism can be supported,allowing the user to go for a period of time without the need to log in.

Multi-Factor Authentication

As described above, authentication remains a technical challenge in theinformation technology sector. Described herein are multifactorauthentication techniques which may be used alone, or in combinationwith other security techniques described herein to provide secure accessto resources in a computer network. Embodiments of multifactorauthentication techniques will be described in the context of a computernetwork similar to the network described in with reference to FIG. 1. Itwill be understood, however, that authentication techniques as describedherein may be implemented in a wide variety of computer networks.

FIG. 9 is a schematic illustration of a networked computing environmentin accordance with an embodiment. In the exemplary architecture depictedin FIG. 9, one or more client computing devices 910 a, 910 b, 910 c, 910d, 910 e establish a communication connection with an authenticationserver 930, which in turn communicates with one or more target servers940, 942, 944 via a network 920. Target servers 940, 942, 944, in turn,provide access to one or more computing resources such, as, e.g.,internet services, electronic mail services, data transfer services, andthe like.

Client computing devices 910 a, 910 b, 910 c, 910 d, 910 e may be anycomputer-based communication device, including a personal computer 910a, a personal digital assistant (PDA) 910 b, a terminal device 910 c, amobile telephone 910 d, or a land-line telephone 910 e. Client computingdevices 910 a, 910 b, 910 c, 910 d, 910 e establish a communication withauthentication server 930 via a communication network, which may be thesame network 920 or a separate communication network. The particularform of communication network is not important. Communication networkmay comprise one or more direct communication links (e.g., a dial-upconnection) between respective remote access devices 910 a, 910 b, 910c, 910 d, 910 e. Alternatively, the communication network may comprise aprivate data network such as, e.g., an X.25 network, a local areanetwork (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), or a public network such as,e.g., the Internet.

Authentication server 930 may be embodied as a computing device,substantially as described in with reference to FIG. 2, above. Referringbriefly to FIG. 2, the computing device 200 and comprise one or moreauthentication modules 269 which may execute when as an applicationmodule and the memory 230 of the computing system 200. In someembodiments, the authentication module 269 and implemented logicinstructions which, when executed by a processor such as the processor222, cause the authentication module 269 to implement multifactorauthentication procedures to manage access to one or more resources ofthe computer network 920, such as for example, resources provided byservers 940, 942, or 944.

In some embodiments, the authentication server 930 implements a firstauthentication process in response to an authentication request from aclient computing device such as one of client computing devices 910 a,910 b, 910 c, 910 d, 910 e. If the first authentication process issuccessful, then the authentication server 930 originates a secondauthentication request to a client device such as one of clientcomputing devices 910 a, 910 b, 910 c, 910 d, 910 e. In someembodiments, the authentication request from the client is transmittedthrough a first communication channel and the second authenticationrequest originated by the authentication server 930 is transmitted usinga second communication channel, different from the first communicationchannel. The authentication server 930 may process the response to thesecond authentication request and allow or deny access to a resourcebased on the response. In some embodiments the first communicationchannel and the second communication channel may be across separatecommunication networks. For example, the first communication channel maybe across the computer network, while the second communication channelmay be across a telephone network.

One embodiment of multifactor authentication will be explained withreference to FIG. 10, which is a flow diagram of embodiments of a methodfor multifactor authentication. Referring to FIG. 10, at operation 1010a first client initiates a primary authentication request for access toa resource provided by computer network 920. In some embodiments, theprimary authentication request may include a username and passwordcombination associated with a user and/or a device from which theprimary authentication request is originated. The primary authenticationrequest may be transmitted to the authentication server 930 to a firstcommunication channel.

Operation 1015 the authentication server 930 receives the primaryauthentication request, and at operation 1020 the authentication server930 processes the primary authentication request. In some embodiments,the authentication server 930 performs a centralized authenticationfunction which manages authentication to one or more resources andnetwork 920. For example, authentication server 930 may maintain a datafile comprising username and password combinations which may beassociated with one or more resources of the computer network 920. FIG.11 is a schematic illustration of and embodiment of a data file whichmay be used in a multifactor authentication. Referring briefly to FIG.11, the illustrated data file 1100 includes a column for usernames, acolumn for passwords, and a column for approved resources. Usernames andpasswords may be logically associated with the approved resourceindicated in the table 1100. A single username may be associated withmultiple passwords for different approved resources. In one embodiment,processing the primary authentication request may comprise searching thedata file 1100 maintained by the authentication server for a usernameand password combination that corresponds to the username and passwordcombination receipt in the primary authentication request.

If, an operation 1025, the primary authentication request isunsuccessful, i.e., if there is no corresponding username and passwordcombination in the data table 1100, then the authentication server 930denies the requester access to network resource(s). in some embodiments,the authentication server 930 may transmit an error message to therequester indicating that the username and password are invalid. Controlthat returns to operation 1015 and the authentication server 930continues to monitor for another primary authentication request.

By contrast, if that operation 1025 primary authentication request issuccessful, i.e., if there is a corresponding username and passwordcombination in the data table 1100, then control passes to operation1035 and the authentication server 930 initiates a secondaryauthentication request. The secondary authentication request istransmitted from the authentication server 930 to the user via a secondcommunication channel, different from the first communication channel.In some embodiments, the secondary authentication request is transmittedfrom the authentication server 930 to a second client in the user'spossession. For example, the user may initiate the primaryauthentication request from a computing device such as a desktopcomputer or laptop computer and the authentication server 930 maytransmit the secondary authentication request by initiating a telephonecall to a telephone registered to the user. Referring briefly again toFIG. 11, a user may register, via a suitable user interface, a contactnumber to which the secondary authentication request may be transmittedfrom the authentication server 930. In response to a successful primaryauthentication request, the authentication server 930 may initiate acall to contact number indicated in the data table 1100. It should benoted that a user may provide different contact numbers for differentresources.

At operation 1040 the secondary authentication request is received atthe second client. The secondary authentication request may comprise avoice message which makes a request for information to authenticate theuser. In some embodiments, the system may allow a user to prerecord acustomized secondary authentication request in the user's own voice. Forexample, the user may record a message requesting a specific sequence ofkeystrokes or requesting the user to speak to a specific word or groupof words. Having a user recorded message in the second authenticationrequest helps to authenticate the system to the user, therebyeliminating or at least reducing the likelihood of a “man in the middle”attack on the system. In alternate embodiments, rather than using aprerecorded message in the user's voice, a user may select one or moretokens to be presented with a secondary authentication requests. Forexample, a token may include a predetermined word or character ornumeric sequence selected by the user.

At operation 1045 the user response to the secondary authenticationrequest initiated by the authentication server 930. For example, in someembodiments the user may respond by pressing a predetermined sequence ofkeystrokes on a telephone keypad, or by pressing the pound key or thestar key. In alternate embodiments the user may respond by speaking apredetermined word or series of words. In alternate embodiments the userneed not provide an affirmative response; simply answering the telephonecall may suffice as a response.

In some embodiments, the secondary authentication request initiated bythe authentication server 930 may be implemented as a text messagerather than a telephone call. Accordingly, the response to the secondaryauthentication request may also be implemented as a text message inwhich the user transmits a predetermined character or series ofcharacters back to the authentication server 930.

In alternate embodiments, the secondary authentication request mayrequire a user to initiate a call back in order to authenticate theuser. For example, the secondary authentication request may transmit atext message or a voice call requesting the user to call back to thesystem to authenticate the user. In some embodiments, a return phonenumber may be included with the secondary authentication request, whilein other embodiments a user may be required to call a predeterminedphone number. As described above, the user may be required to provideone or more codes in the secondary authentication response.

At operation 1050 the authentication server 930 receives the response tothe secondary authentication request, and at operation 1055 theauthentication server 930 processes the response. In some embodiments,authentication server 930 maintains authentication codes which representthe anticipated response to the secondary authentication request in thedata table 1100. The response to the secondary authentication requestreceived from the user may be compared with the authentication codestored in the data table 1100 in order to determine whether the user isauthentic.

If, at operation 1060, the response to the secondary authenticationrequest fails to successfully authenticate the user then access tonetwork resources is denied at operation 1065 and control passes back tooperation 1015 in the authentication server monitors for additionalincoming primary authentication requests. In some embodiments, theauthentication server 930 may implement an error routine in response toa failed a secondary authentication request. The authentication routinemay transmit an error message to the user via the first communicationchannel, the second communication channel, or both. The error messagemay instruct the user that authentication has failed and they providethe user with an opportunity to restart the authentication process.

By contrast, is that operation 1060 the response to the secondaryauthentication request successfully authenticates the user then controlpasses to operation 1070 and the user is granted access to the networkresource or resources associated with the username and password in thedata table 1100. Control then passes back to operation 1015 and theauthentication server 930 continues to monitor for additional primaryauthentication request.

Thus, the operations depicted in FIG. 10 enable the networkinfrastructure depicted in FIG. 11 to implement a multifactorauthentication process. In some embodiments described herein, themultifactor authentication process utilizes two separate networkdevices, i.e., a computing device and a telephone. In some embodiments,the multifactor authentication process may utilize a single networkdevice, i.e., a computing device, which executes two or more logicalnetwork devices. For example, a user may initiate a primaryauthentication request from a first application executing on thecomputing device, and the second authentication request may be directedto a second application executing on the computing device. For example,the second application may be an Internet Protocol (IP) telephonyapplication.

Various features may be added to the functionality of the basicauthentication process described herein. In some embodiments, theauthentication server 930 may store in a memory module such as cachememory the results of a primary authentication request initiated by auser, alone or in combination with the results of a secondaryauthentication response provided by the user. The results may be storedin for a predetermined period of time or for a dynamic period of time.Thus, when a user has successfully authenticated himself or herself tothe system additional authentication may not be required during the timeperiod. The authentication server 930 may require that subsequentprimary authentication requests be initiated from the same networkaddress in order to bypass the secondary authentication request. Thus,in some embodiments the authentication server 930 may detect the networkaddress from which the primary authentication request is initiated andmay store the network address in a memory module.

Further, there may be circumstances in which secondary authenticationrequests may not be necessary. For example, if a user is located on atrusted network in the secondary authentication request may be bypassed.Thus, in some embodiments of the authentication server 930 may detectthe network address from which the primary authentication request isinitiated and may compare the network address with a list of approvednetwork addresses stored in a memory module.

Still further, there may be circumstances in which the authenticationserver 930 declines to initiate a secondary authentication requests. Insome embodiments, in the event of a predetermined number of failures fora primary authentication request the authentication server 930 may flaga user as a suspect for fraudulent access and may decline to initiate asecondary authentication request unless further conditions are met. Insome embodiments, in the event multiple primary authentication requestsare received from different network addresses within a predeterminedperiod of time the authentication server may flag a user as a suspectfor fraudulent access and may decline to initiate a secondaryauthentication request unless further conditions are met. For example, auser may be required to reset passwords or to speak personally with anadministrator.

In some embodiments, the authentication server 930 may provide a userinterface that enables users to register one or more telephone numbersor contact addresses for the network device intended for use for thesecondary authentication request. The user interface may further permitusers to select one or more authentication codes or personalidentification numbers (PINs) for both the primary authenticationrequest and the secondary authentication response.

Various alternate embodiments may be implemented. For example, n somesituations it may not be possible to submit a user's primaryauthentication credentials to the authentication server withoutincurring unwanted side-effects. For example, logging into a webapplication using primary authentication credentials may cause theapplication to take actions such as creating a user session, logging amessage, or the like that may be undesirable.

In such situations, a the authentication server may implement apre-authentication process. After receiving the primary authenticationcredentials, the authentication system can attempt to pre-authenticatethem using a different API interface, rather than pre-authenticating tothe target server itself. For example, in a web application such asMicrosoft's Outlook Web Access, the system may pre-authenticate the userby calling the Windows LogonUser( ) API, which checks the user'susername and password against the Windows password database.Alternatively, in a Citrix environment, the system couldpre-authenticate the user using the Citrix authentication APIs.

If the pre-authentication step is successful, the secondaryauthentication may be implemented as described before. Only if that isalso successful are the user's credentials submitted to the applicationin question for final log-in. This becomes a three-phase login, but ithas the benefit of allowing compatibility with applications that wouldnot otherwise support the two-phase approach.

In addition, the strength of the authentication process can be increasedusing voice-print technology during the confirmation call. During thesecondary authentication call, the system asks the user to repeat aseries of words. The user repeats the words, and the system makes adetermination of whether the user is who he claims to be by evaluatingthe user's voice against a voice database, using voice matchingalgorithms.

Again, this makes the system three-factor: the primary authentication issomething the user knows, the secondary is something the user has(phone), and the tertiary authentication is something the user is (hisvoice).

This system can also be used for multi-person authentication. Forexample, in situations which require the approval of more than one toallow an action to complete, multiple secondary authentication calls canbe placed. For example, in the case of a bank transfer requiring twopeople to agree to the transaction, the system may place multipleconfirmation calls, one to every person authorized to approve thetransaction. It could then play back details of the proposed transactionto each user (which can happen simultaneously), and if a minimum numberof those users confirm the transaction, the system returns success. Thissystem can scale to an arbitrarily large number of requiredconfirmations.

Reference in the specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment”means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic describedin connection with that embodiment may be included in at least animplementation. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” invarious places in the specification may or may not be all referring tothe same embodiment.

Also, in the description and claims, the terms “coupled” and“connected,” along with their derivatives, may be used. In someembodiments, “connected” may be used to indicate that two or moreelements are in direct physical or electrical contact with each other.“Coupled” may mean that two or more elements are in direct physical orelectrical contact. However, “coupled” may also mean that two or moreelements may not be in direct contact with each other, but may stillcooperate or interact with each other.

Thus, although embodiments of the invention have been described inlanguage specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, itis to be understood that claimed subject matter may not be limited tothe specific features or acts described. Rather, the specific featuresand acts are disclosed as sample forms of implementing the claimedsubject matter.

1. A method to authenticate a resource access request, comprising:receiving, in an authentication server in a communication network, aprimary authentication request transmitted from a user via a firstcommunication channel; processing the primary authentication request todetermine whether the user is authorized to access one or moreresources; in response to a determination that the user is authorized toaccess one or more resources, initiating, in a network element, asecondary authentication request; and transmitting the secondaryauthentication request from the network element to the user via a secondcommunication channel, different from the first communication channel.2. The method of claim 1, wherein the primary authentication request isoriginated from a first computing device coupled to the communicationnetwork and includes a username and a password.
 3. The method of claim2, wherein processing the primary authentication request comprisessearching a data file maintained by the authentication server for acorresponding username and password.
 4. The method of claim 2, whereinthe primary authentication request further comprises an identifierassociated with a specific network resource, and wherein processing theprimary authentication request comprises searching a data filemaintained by the authentication server for a corresponding username andpassword associated with the specific network resource.
 5. The method ofclaim 4, wherein transmitting the secondary authentication request fromthe network element to the user via a second communication channelcomprises originating a call from a network element to a telephonenumber associated with the username.
 6. The method of claim 5, whereinthe call requests an authentication response from the user.
 7. Themethod of claim 6, wherein originating a call from the network elementto a telephone number associated with the username comprises playing aprerecorded message approved by the user.
 8. The method of claim 1,further comprising: receiving, in the network element, a response to thesecondary authentication request; processing the response to thesecondary authentication request to determine whether the user isauthentic; in response to a determination that the user is authentic,granting access to one or more network resources.
 9. The method of claim8, wherein the response to the secondary authentication requestcomprises at least one of a key sequence entered into a communicationdevice or a voice message entered into the communication device.
 10. Themethod of claim 8, further comprising caching a successful response tothe secondary authentication request for a predetermined period of time.11. A network element, comprising: one or more processors; a memorymodule communicatively coupled to the processor and comprising logicinstructions stored in a computer readable medium which, when executedby the processor, configure the processor to: receive, via a firstcommunication channel, a primary authentication request transmitted froma user from a first device; process the primary authentication requestto determine whether the user is authorized to access one or moreresources; in response to a determination that the user is authorized toaccess one or more resources, initiate, a secondary authenticationrequest; and transmit the secondary authentication request from thenetwork element to the user via a second communication channel,different from the first communication channel.
 12. The network elementof claim 11, wherein the primary authentication request is originatedfrom a first computing device coupled to the communication networkelement and includes a username and a password.
 13. The network elementof claim 12, further comprising logic instructions stored in a computerreadable medium which, when executed by the processor, configure theprocessor to search a data file maintained by the authentication serverfor a corresponding username and password.
 14. The network element ofclaim 12, wherein the primary authentication request further comprisesan identifier associated with a specific network resource, and furthercomprising logic instructions stored in a computer readable mediumwhich, when executed by the processor, configure the processor to searcha data file maintained by the authentication server for a correspondingusername and password associated with the specific network resource. 15.The network element of claim 14, further comprising logic instructionsstored in a computer readable medium which, when executed by theprocessor, configure the processor to originate a call from the networkelement to a telephone number associated with the username.
 16. Thenetwork element of claim 15, wherein the call requests an authenticationresponse from the user.
 17. The network element of claim 16, furthercomprising logic instructions stored in a computer readable mediumwhich, when executed by the processor, configure the processor to play aprerecorded message approved by the user.
 18. The network element ofclaim 17, further comprising logic instructions stored in a computerreadable medium which, when executed by the processor, configure theprocessor to: receive, in the network element, a response to thesecondary authentication request; process the response to the secondaryauthentication request to determine whether the user is authentic; inresponse to a determination that the user is authentic, grant access toone or more network resources.
 19. The network element of claim 18,wherein the response to the secondary authentication request comprisesat least one of a key sequence entered into a communication device or avoice message entered into the communication device.
 20. The networkelement of claim 18, further comprising caching a successful response tothe secondary authentication request for a predetermined period of time.21. A computer program product comprising logic instructions stored in acomputer readable medium which, when executed by the processor,configure the processor to: receive, via a first communication channel,a primary authentication request transmitted from a user from a firstdevice; process the primary authentication request to determine whetherthe user is authorized to access one or more resources; in response to adetermination that the user is authorized to access one or moreresources, initiate a secondary authentication request; and transmit thesecondary authentication request to the user via a second communicationchannel, different from the first communication channel.
 22. Thecomputer program product of claim 21, wherein the primary authenticationrequest is originated from a first computing device coupled to thecommunication network element and includes a username and a password.23. The computer program product of claim 22, further comprising logicinstructions stored in a computer readable medium which, when executedby the processor, configure the processor to search a data filemaintained by the authentication server for a corresponding username andpassword.
 24. The computer program product of claim 22, wherein theprimary authentication request further comprises an identifierassociated with a specific network resource, and further comprisinglogic instructions stored in a computer readable medium which, whenexecuted by the processor, configure the processor to search a data filemaintained by the authentication server for a corresponding username andpassword associated with the specific network resource.
 25. The computerprogram product of claim 24, further comprising logic instructionsstored in a computer readable medium which, when executed by theprocessor, configure the processor to originate a call from the networkelement to a telephone number associated with the username.